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Record W4320075797 · doi:10.15173/sciential.vi8.2902

Black Hole Thermodynamics and Hawking Radiation

2022· article· en· W4320075797 on OpenAlex
Muhammad Amjad, Joey Hofmann

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.

Bibliographic record

VenueSciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicCosmology and Gravitation Theories
Canadian institutionsMcMaster University
FundersMcMaster University
KeywordsHawking radiationBlack hole (networking)PhysicsHawkingBlack hole thermodynamicsFuzzballTheoretical physicsBlack hole information paradoxWhite holeSonic black holeMicro black holeEntropy (arrow of time)Extremal black holeQuantum mechanicsCharged black holeComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Improvements in detection technology has enabled researchers to discover interstellar phenomena at an exponential rate; the most enticing of such marvels are black holes. Development of black hole thermodynamics have yielded promising interdisciplinary results. This paper will explore the fundamental concepts pertaining to black holes, and a brief outline of the scientific contributions made by notable theorists in their respective fields. These concepts will be followed by an in-depth discussion concerning the fundamental attributes and characteristics of black holes. One concept that will be thoroughly discussed is black hole radiation, a theory developed heavily by physicist Stephen Hawking, which was predicated on research concerning the anatomy and effects of rotating black holes in the universe. Derivations of formulae relevant to Hawking radiation, black hole entropy, and classical black hole dynamics will be done, as these are imperative to the elucidation of such sophisticated concepts. Furthermore, these formulae will be applied to pre-existing interstellar phenomena in order to understand the significance of the theoretical findings. Ultimately, mathematical models will be put to the test using real black holes. A model will also be generated in a Python environment to visually exemplify Hawking radiation for a Schwarzschild black hole. Developing a cohesive understanding of the thermodynamic concepts related to black holes will prove fruitful in the application of scientific knowledge to an ever-changing world enticed by interstellar phenomena.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.224
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0030.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.250
Teacher spread0.241 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it