The Influence of Sex, Age, and Repeated Measurement on Pixel-Based Measures of Pharyngeal Area at Rest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Videofluoroscopic (VFSS) measurements of pharyngeal swallow mechanics can differentiate age- and disease-related changes in swallowing. Pharyngeal area at rest (PhAR) may differ in people with dysphagia, although its impact is not clear. Before the role of PhAR in dysphagia can be explored, it is important to establish whether PhAR remains stable across repeated measures in healthy adults, and varies as a function of sex or age. We hypothesized that healthy adults would show stable PhAR across repeated measures, but that larger PhAR would be seen in men versus women and in older versus younger adults. Method: We collected VFSS data from 87 healthy adults (44 men, M age = 46 years, range: 21–82). Trained raters identified the swallow rest frame after the initial swallow of each bolus and measured unobliterated pharyngeal area on these frames, in %(C2–4) 2 units. Repeated-measures analyses of variance with a factor of sex, a covariate of age, and a repeated factor of task repetition were performed across the first 12 available measures per participant ( N = 1,044 swallows). Results: There were no significant variations in PhAR across repeated measures. A significant Sex × Age interaction was seen ( p = .04): Males had significantly larger PhAR than females ( p = .001), but females showed larger PhAR with advancing age ( R = .47). Conclusions: These data confirm stability in PhAR across repeated measurements in healthy individuals. However, significant sex and age differences should be taken into consideration in future studies exploring the role of PhAR in people with dysphagia. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.22043543
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".