Quasi-permanent meanders of the Kuroshio Extension: Laboratory experiments with altimetry and numerical simulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a study of gyres bounded by a barrier in the west and forced by a localized upwelling. It is motivated by observations of quasi-permanent meanders of the Kuroshio Extension in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Laboratory experiments are performed in a rotating tank where a parabolic shape of the surface of water is used to model the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter. Optical altimetry provides accurate records of circulations and allows us to observe the evolution of β-plumes (Rossby wave envelopes), including their reflection from the barrier. Experiments are supplemented by numerical simulations which extend the range of the control parameters. We demonstrate that meanders occur in the northern branch of the gyres, within an eastward current similar to those in the Kuroshio Extension. The meanders are due to the Rossby wave reflection from the boundary. The wavelength of the meanders is selected by the condition of stationarity of the westward propagating Rossby-wave phase within an eastward current.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".