Low-cost triboelectric nanogenerator based on aseptic carton package
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are efficient systems that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. Based on contact electrification, an emerging powerful tool in energy harvesting technologies, most TENGs are constructed using expensive materials (e.g. gold and platinum) and costly processes. Aseptic carton packages (ACP) are plastic-laminated materials basically composed of paperboard, polyethylene and aluminum, but having all parts required for a TENG device: dielectric inductor and metal. Using the concept implicit in the triboelectric series where hydrophilic materials acquire a positive net charge while hydrophobic ones develop negative net charge upon contact, ACP was used as the main component of a sandwich-type triboelectric nanogenerator (ACP-TENG). Electrostatic potential mapping confirmed that pristine polyethylene is a negative charge inductor while after its oxidation develops an excess positive charge. Potentials as high as 200 V are reached with ACP-TENG during mechanical loads, charging a 10 μF capacitor to 3.5 V in less than 10 min. Continuous open-circuit voltage of roughly 80 V is developed under pressure-relaxation cycles at 1.8 Hz, reaching an output peak current of ∼400 nA. The efficiency of ACP-TENG is comparable to nanoengineered devices, but costing only a fraction of them. We believe that the ACP-TENG reported here is a reliable way to construct low-cost energy harvesting devices and it can be used as an environmentally friendly destination/solution for food packaging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".