Pollination ecology of the early-spring-blooming dioecious shrub <i>Eurya japonica</i> (Pentaphylacaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the majority of angiosperm plants have hermaphrodite flowers, where a single pollinator visit can achieve both pollen removal and deposition, 5%–6% of angiosperms, including zoophilous species, are dioecious, necessitating pollen transport from male plants to females. As such, dioecy is considered less adaptive under low-temperature conditions that tend to restrict or lower potential pollinator activity. Interestingly, however, a number of dioecious, zoophilous plants such as Eurya japonica Thunb. (Pentaphylacaceae) bloom in low-temperature seasons. This study made a quantitative assessment of flower visitors/pollinators of E. japonica blooming in early spring in central Japan. A total of 15 families in 4 orders of insects were recorded on both pistillate and staminate flowers of E. japonica, of which Diptera (Empididae and Chironomidae, in particular) and Hymenoptera were predominant regardless of site/year. Hymenopteran visitors were more active at higher temperatures, while dipterans were observed even at low temperatures. The fruiting rate and the number of seeds were greater at the site where dipteran visitors were more abundant. The present study suggests that the system of multi-taxa, Diptera-dominated pollination may play an important role in the reproductive ecology of dioecious plant species, in particular those flowering at low temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".