Investigating the effects of cerebellar transcranial ultrasound stimulation on motor cortex excitability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses acoustic waves to alter neuronal excitability. We investigated the effects of cerebellar TUS (cbTUS) on motor cortex (M1) excitability. We hypothesized that 1) longer cbTUS duration will induce greater inhibition of M1 excitability; 2) TUS will lower M1 excitability post-sonication; 3) cbTUS of lobule VIII will have greater inhibition compared to Crus I/II. Real cbTUS consisted of sonication at 20 W whereas sham consisted of 0 W. A 12 kHz tone mask was used. In Experiment 1, cbTUS was applied to Crus I/II and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralateral M1 were measured at pre-TUS, after 150 ms, 300 ms, and 450 ms of TUS, and 150 ms following 500 ms of TUS. We observed that longer sonication duration induced greater inhibition. In Experiment 2 we assessed longer latencies post-sonication and compared Crus I/II stimulation to lobule VIII. We found inhibition following 450 ms of cbTUS and at 150 ms post 500 ms sonication. However, MEPs 150 ms post-real TUS did not differ from sham. No effect of stimulation location was found. In Experiment 3, we tested primarily 0 W sham and included two active sham conditions: 450ms of 20 W TUS targeting V1, and 450 ms of 20 W stimulation with the transducer facing away from the scalp. A real stimulation condition of 450 ms cbTUS was included. Results show that inhibition occurred post-sonication and following 450 ms of sham stimulation, due to an inhibitory effect of the sound mask. MEPs following 450 ms of real cbTUS was lower than 450 ms of sham stimulations. This shows that cbTUS can inhibit M1 excitability and is the first demonstration of an effect of cerebellar TUS in humans. Research Category and Technology and Methods Basic Research: 6. Pulsed Ultrasound (pUS) Keywords: MEP, Brain stimulation, Cerebellum, Neuromodulation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".