Accumulation of iodine or other similar K-edge equivalent element within renal cysts mimics enhancing masses at single-phase dual-energy CT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe instances of iodine, or other element with similar K-edge to iodine, accumulating in benign renal cysts and simulating solid renal masses (SRM) at single-phase contrast-enhanced (CE) dual-energy CT (DECT). METHODS: During the course of routine clinical practice, instances of benign renal cysts (reference standard true non-contrast enhanced CT [NCCT] homogeneous attenuation <10 HU and not enhancing, or MRI) simulating SRM at follow-up single-phase CE-DECT due to iodine (or other element) accumulation were documented in two institutions over a 3-month observation period in 2021. RESULTS: [2.8-20.9]). CONCLUSION: The accumulation of iodine, or other element with similar K-edge to iodine, in benign renal cysts could simulate enhancing renal masses at single-phase contrast-enhanced DECT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".