Bibliographic record
Abstract
The advent of British colonialism in Bengal in 1757 and its spread to other parts of South Asia during the latter half of the eighteenth century structured indigenous society in significant ways. The institution of individual property rights since the 1790s reshaped the class structure of Indian society in decisive ways leading to the rise of propertied classes in Bengal and beyond. At this time the British also began codifying indigenous religious practices to develop a legal framework to rule over their Indian subjects. This inaugurated a process that drew in a wide cast of actors and groups ranging from colonial administrators to orientalist scholars and Hindu (and Muslim) reformers and revivalists as well as Christian missionaries. The collaboration and contestation between these groups gave shape to the modern identity of Hinduism. This process saw the emergence of new Hindu religious groups and sects such as the Brahmo Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission while also seeing the recoding of earlier religious traditions such as Gaudiya Vaishnavism and Tantra. It also led to the reconfiguration of the identities and status of older Hindu divinities and festivals while engendering a new deity of the nation: Bharat Mata or Mother India. These reconfigurations went hand in hand with the recasting, at times violently, of the earlier fuzzy religious identities into more identifiable Hindu (and Muslim) subjects that came to define—and continues to define—South Asian polity and society. The nexus of colonialism and Hinduism also shaped gender and caste identities in British India in decisive ways. Indian women were projected as victims of their own societies who required protection. Literary productions emerging from colonial South Asia bear witness to this complex and contested process of the Indo-British colonial encounter and provided a locus for the imagination and contestation of Hindu tradition and its social ramifications. Hinduism also became a key conceptual resource for anticolonial politics and the articulation of a putative nationalism whose conception ranged from the inclusive to the parochially sectarian.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".