Caring Behaviors, Spiritual, and Cultural Competencies: A Holistic Approach to Nursing Care

Holistic approach to nursing care is a comprehensive model which involves all facets of care which involves mental, spiritual, and social needs of patients. However, studies have shown that most nurses are not familiar with this model of caring and only considers the corporeal needs of the patient. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the caring behaviors, spiritual and cultural competencies of nurses. Also, the extent of influence of cultural and spiritual competencies to the caring behaviors of Filipino nurses were determine. The study utilized a causal research design and a purposive sample of 124 Filipino medical-surgical nurses who were employed in Level 3 hospitals were included. The data were collected through survey using three (3) questionnaires which includes Nurse Cultural Competence Scale developed by Perng and Watson (2012), the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutic Scale developed by Mamier and Taylor(2014) and the Caring Nurse Patient Interaction Scale developed by Cossette et al. (2006). The data collected was analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and univariate linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that Filipino nurses rated themselves good in terms of spiritual and cultural competencies. Specifically, the subscales of cultural competencies which includes cultural skills, cultural knowledge and cultural sensitivity were also rated as good. On the other hand, the caring behaviors of Filipino nurses were rated as excellent. The same findings were also noted for two of its subscales, the clinical care and comforting care while both relational and humanistic care were rated as very good. Spiritual competencies showed a significant influence in the caring behaviors of nurses, however, no significant influence was noted between the cultural competencies and caring behaviors of nurses. References Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Abdoljabbari M, Karamkhani M, Shokri Khubestani M, Pishgooie S. (2017). The relationship between nurses’ spiritual health and their caring behaviors. Journal of Research on Religion & Health.. 3(1), 5-15.Bachman, R. (2007). The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice. Chapter 5, Causation and Research Designs. (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.Bakar, A. Nursalam, Adriani, M., Kusnanto, Qomariah, S., Hidayati, L. Pratiwi, I., Ni’mah, L. (2017). Nurses’ spirituality improves caring behavior. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. 6(1), 23-30.Bunjitpimol, P., Somronghtong, R. & Kumar, R. (2016). Factors affecting nursing cultural competency in private hospitals at Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Health Care. 2(1), 5-11Burkhardt, M., & Jacobson, M. (2002). Spirituality: living our connectedness. (1st ed.) New York: Delmar Thomson LearningCalong Calong, K. & Soriano, G. (2018). Caring behavior and patient satisfaction. Merging for satisfaction. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 11(2), 697-703Canadian Nurses Association (2010). Position statement on spirituality, health and nursing practice. Ottawa: AuthorCossette S., Cote J., Pepin J., Ricard N., & D’Aoust L. (2006). A dimensional structure of nurse-patient interaction from a caring perspective: Refinement of the caring nurse-patient interaction scale (CNPI-Short Scale). Journal of Advance Nursing. 55(2), 198-214Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications doi:10.20467/1091-5710-20.3.134. Cruz, J., Estacio, J., Bgatang, C. & Colet, P. (2016). Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A crosssectional study. Nurse Education Today. 46, 121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001de Beer, J. & Chipps, J. (2014). A survey of cultural competence of critical care nurses’ in KwaZulu-Natal. Southern African Journal of Critical Care. 30(2), 50-54Department of Health Administrative Order No. 012. (2012). Rules and regulations governing the new classification of hospitals and other health facilities in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/DOH_Annual_ Report_2015_07132016.compressed.pdfHellman, A. N., Williams, W. E., Jr., & Hurley, S. (2015). Meeting spiritual needs: A study using the spiritual care competence scale. Journal of Christian Nursing, 32, 236-241. doi:10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000207Kawashima, A. (2008). Study on cultural competency of japanese nurses. Unpublished Manuscript. George Mason University.Khorrami-Markani, A., Yaghmaie, F., Khodayarifard, M., & Alavimajd, H. (2012). Oncology nurses spiritual health experience: A qualitative content analysis. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 4(2&3), 28.Kolcaba, R. (1997). The primary holisms in nursing. Journal of Advance Nursing. 25(2), 290-296.Kuan, L. (1993). Essence of caring. National teacher Training Center for the Health Professions. University of the Philippines Manila. Learning Resources Unit.Larson, P. J. (1984). Important nurse caring behaviors perceived by patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum. 11(6), 46–50.Lin, M., Wu, C., & Hsu, H. (2019). Exploring the experiences of cultural competence among clinical nurses in Taiwan. Applied Nursing Research. 45, 6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2018.11.001Mamier, I., Taylor, E. & Wisnlow, B. (2018). Nurse spiritual care: prevalence and correlates. Western Journal of Nursing Research. doi: 10.1177/0193945918776328McSherry, W. (2006) The principal components model: a model for advancing spirituality and spiritual care within nursing and health care practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15 (7), 905–917.McSherry, W. & Jamieson, S. (2011) An online survey of nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20 (11–12), 1757–1767.Meyer, C. (2003). How effectively are nurse educators preparing students to provide spiritual care?. Nurse Education. 28(4), 185-190.Mizock L., Millner U., & Russinova Z. (2012). Spiritual and religious issues in psychotherapy with schizophrenia: cultural implications and implementation. Religions. 3(1), 82–98. doi: 10.3390/rel3010082Musa, A. (2017). Spiritual care intervention and spiritual well-being Jordanian Muslim nurses’ perspectives. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 35, 53-61. doi:10.1177/0898010116644388Olive, P. (2003). The holistic nursing care of patients with minor injuries attending the A&E department. Accident and Emergency Nursing. 11(1), 27-32. Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2014). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porter, S. (1997). The patient and power: Sociological perspectives on the consequences of holistic care. Health & Social Care in the Community. 5:17–20 Priambodo, Galih. Caring in nursing practice: Caring category based on culture. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Yogyakarta University.Retrieved from: http://thesis.umy.ac.id/data publik/t34187.pdf, 2014. Saha, S., Beach, M. & Cooper, L. (2008). Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100(11), 1275-1285. doi: 10.1016/S0027-9684(15)31505-4Selimen, D., & Andsoy, I. (2011). The Importance of a holistic approach during the perioperative period. AORN Journal. 94(4), 482-490. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2010.09.029 Tang, C., Tian, B., Zhang, X., Zhang, K., Xiao, X., Simonu, J., & Wang, H. (2018). The influence of cultural competence of nurses on patient satisfaction and the mediating effect of patient trust. Journal of Advanced Nursing. doi: 10.1111/jan.13854 Tjale, A., & Bruce, J. (2007). A concept analysis of holistic nursing care in pediatric nursing. Curationis. 30(4), 45-52. Watson J. (1985). Nursing: Human science and human care. A theory of nursing. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Wintz, S., & Cooper, E. (2009). Cultural & spiritual sensitivity - A learning module for health care professionals and dictionary of patients' spiritual & cultural values for health care professionals. New York: Author Wolf, Z., Dillon, P., Townsend, A., & Glasofer, A. (2017). Caring behaviors inventory-24 Revised: CBI-16 validation and psychometric properties. International Journal for Human Caring. 21(4), 185-192 Wolf, Z. R., Giardino, E. R., Osborne, P. A., & Ambrose, M. S. (1994). Dimensions of nurse caring. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 26, 107–111. Wong K., Lee L., Lee J. (2008). Hong Kong enrolled nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. International Nursing Review. 55(3), 333-340. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00619.x Yılmaz, M., & Okyay, N. (2009). Views related to spiritual care and spirituality of nurses. HEMAR

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.