Colonization of a temperate river by mobile fish following habitat reconnection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mobile species are particularly affected by artificial barriers requiring large investments to restore connectivity. However, few large‐scale, long‐term studies have investigated the ecological outcomes of restoring connectivity for these species. Our study, spanning 15–20 years, quantified response trajectories, which represent temporal trends following disturbance, of three native salmonids colonizing 20 km of protected habitat following restoration of fish passage at Landsburg Dam, Cedar River, WA, in 2003. Built in 1901, the dam blocked the upriver movement of native anadromous coho and Chinook salmon and nonanadromous mountain whitefish for 102 years. Restoration effectiveness was also assessed by comparing temporal trends in freshwater productivity of juvenile coho and Chinook salmon in the Cedar River after restoration to a nearby undammed subbasin. We also compared summer densities of juvenile coho and Chinook salmon, and mountain whitefish above the dam measured a decade after restoration to undammed reference systems. Anadromous salmon and nonanadromous mountain whitefish populations increased linearly or nonlinearly following restoration. The positive, asymptotic response represented by adult Chinook salmon counts indicates a slowing in population recovery rate, plateauing a decade after restoration. In contrast, annual abundance of adult coho salmon increased at a constant rate, indicating additional capacity 15 years post‐restoration. Salmonid compositional diversity, driven largely by juvenile coho salmon, also increased nonlinearly, plateauing in a decade. We observed substantial spatial variation in the temporal response, as juvenile coho salmon and mountain whitefish population expansion slowed linearly with upstream distance from the restoration site. There was evidence that some of the annual variation in salmonid biomass in summer was a result of discharge variability in winter and spring, with biomass declining as flow variability increased. Species reintroduction and establishment had no discernible effect on stream‐rearing salmonids living above the dam before restoration, while increasing coho freshwater productivity at the subbasin scale. Results from our study showed recolonization by three mobile species, each with a unique life history, takes at least a decade or more and was dependent on species and life stage, size of the spawning population, distance from restoration site, and annual variability in streamflow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".