The Nexus between Violence against Children and Public Health: The Experiences of Oromo People in Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Violence and public health have always been viewed as distinct, non-overlapping social issues. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that violence is contagious, has incubation periods, is predictable, and is preventable. For example, in Ethiopia, racist ideas are instilled in formal and informal schools. Those ideas resulted in consecutive collective violence that ravaged Oromia-Ethiopia. Therefore, societies must think and act “upstream” to prevent violence. Objectives: This study aims to collect and evaluate the causes of violence against children and their relationship to public health to give theoretical and practical justifications and methods for “Upstream” solutions. Methodology: Using a systemic thinking framework, captured the underlying causes of violence against children and its public health repercussions. Findings: Violence in general and violence against children is an enduring problem. Racist theories taught in schools inform the Ethiopian government to covertly and overtly promote collective violence. The Ethiopian government collectively attacked the Oromo people, their institutions, and their leadership and legalized structural inequalities. Collective violence has eroded social protective factors, increased risks, and widened violence against children. Violence against children is a multiplier of social problems. Unless we apply public health strategies, slash the risks, and foster the development of protective social conditions, the problem will aggravate. Conclusions: The significant causes of violence against children are racist theories, collective violence, climate change, and poverty. Understanding the causes of violence through public health lenses offers theoretical and practical tools to foster peace. If Oromos can freely determine their affairs, they will better identify their problems and solutions. The Oromo people's efforts to self-determine their affairs are part and parcel of strategies to widen their choices, tackle structural violence, and progressively create healthy social conditions where children's growth and development can flourish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".