Reduction of chemical oxygen demand of vinasse using sugar cane bagasse ash geopolymer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the use of sugar cane bagasse ash geopolymer (SCBAG) as an adsorbent for organic compounds to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vinasse. The effects of solid loading, time and temperature on batch adsorption were investigated, while the effects of bed height and flow rate were investigated through column studies. The adsorption of organic compounds onto SCBAG could be modelled well using the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum batch adsorption capacity was 738 mg/g at 298.15 K after 5 h of adsorption. The column studies showed that the highest COD reduction of 81% could be achieved using a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min and a bed height of 13 cm. These conditions gave a dynamic uptake of 107 458 g and a breakthrough time of 600 min. The column adsorption could be best described using the Bohart–Adams model, giving a correlation coefficient of 0.98, a Bohart–Adams rate constant of 3.05 × 10−8 l/(mg min) and a saturation concentration of 6.93 × 107 g/l. The SCBAG could be regenerated and be used as an adsorbent in three cycles without significant loss in adsorption capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".