Bibliographic record
Abstract
Consider a manufacturer who has produced and sold a single product through a retail channel and now considers whether to open a direct channel to sell a product directly to customers. Upon deciding to encroach the market, the manufacturer needs to determine whether to offer the same product as available in the retail market (i.e. homogenized encroachment) or to offer a variant that has a better quality (i.e. differentiated encroachment). The interactions between the manufacturer and the retailer are modeled as the Stackelberg game models in which the manufacturer and the retailer act as the leader and follower, respectively. We show that when the product in the direct channel is slightly superior to that in the retail channel, differentiated encroachment can lead to greater manufacturer profit than either no encroachment or homogenized encroachment. On the contrary, when the product in the direct channel is sufficiently superior to that in the retail channel, the manufacturer is best to adopt either homogenized or differentiated encroachment strategy. Moreover, differentiated encroachment is not the retailer’s best choice in most cases. Finally, we find that from the view of social welfare, either differentiated or homogenized encroachment dominates no encroachment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".