The Effects of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Biomarkers and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Total Coronary Artery Obstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is an angiographic picture of total occlusion without blood flow which is estimated to have lasted at least 3 months. This study attempted to provide an overview of the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), soluble suppression tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) as remodeling, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic markers, as well as changes in the angina severity in patients with CTO who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to those without PCI. Methods: This study is a preliminary report with quasi-experimental design study with a pre-test and post-test approach to compare PCI's effect in CTO patients towards changes in MMP-9, sST2, NT-pro-BNP levels, and changes in the angina severity. Twenty subjects underwent PCI and 20 subjects with optimal medical therapy, who were then assessed at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention. Results: The results of this preliminary report showed that decreased MMP-9 (pre-test: 12.07 ± 1.27 ng/mL vs. post-test: 9.91 ± 5.19 ng/mL, P = 0.049), sST2 (pre-test: 37.65 ± 20.00 ng/mL vs. post-test: 29.74 ± 15.17 ng/mL, P = 0.026) and NT-pro-BNP (pre-test: 0.63 ± 0.23 ng/mL vs. post-test: 0.24 ± 0.10 ng/mL, P < 0.001) levels were found after 8 weeks of PCI compared to those without such intervention. The levels of NT-pro-BNP were lower in the PCI group (0.24 ± 0.10 ng/mL) than in the non-PCI group (0.56 ± 0.23 ng/mL; P < 0.001). Moreover, there was an improvement of angina severity in PCI group than without PCI (P < 0.039). Conclusions: Although this preliminary report found a significant decrease in MMP-9, NT-pro-BNP, and sST2 levels in CTO patients who had undergone PCI compared to those without PCI, as well as improved angina severity in these patients, this study still has limitations. The number of samples was so small that similar studies with larger sample sizes or multicenter investigations are required to deliver more trustworthy and useful results. Nevertheless, we encourage this study as a preliminary baseline for further studies in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".