X-ray tomography study of “squeezed pores” in additively manufactured titanium alloy subjected to hot isostatic pressing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing is a fast-growing manufacturing technology for producing components with complex geometries and in short lead times. The widely used Ti6Al4V alloy has particularly good strength to weight ratio while having properties suitable for aerospace and medical industries. The additive manufacturing processes all involve layer by layer processing, often leading to small porosities in the final produced parts. These can lead to reduced mechanical properties, especially fatigue performance is negatively influenced. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has in recent years become an important post-process to eliminate these pores, improve the microstructure and enhance the fatigue performance of such parts. In this work, the pore closure and shrinkage due to HIP of Ti6Al4V is studied using high resolution laboratory and synchrotron tomography. This reveals “squeezed pores” which are visible only using high resolution synchrotron tomography and not in a typical laboratory resolution system. This paper reports on the imaging of such pores, handling of this data and discusses future work involving intentionally created defects of different morphologies and efforts to study their shrinkage behavior due to HIP processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".