Solid Carbon: Safe and Durable Carbon Storage in Ocean Basalt - From Feasibility to Demonstration to Global Potential
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oceanic crustal basalt rock has been identified to be the most abundant CO2 sequestration reservoir on earth with a total capacity of up to 250,000 Gt of CO2 and the added advantage of the CO2 mineralizing into carbonate rock in the safest and most durable way. Experiments and pilot projects have established geologic carbon storage in basalt on land (e.g. Carbfix in Iceland) but have not been carried out offshore and are therefore required to demonstrate and prove this form of carbon storage offshore. We are presenting the ongoing Solid Carbon project, which is currently in the feasibility stage of demonstrating this concept in the Cascadia Basin offshore Vancouver Island where Ocean Networks Canada operates a cabled ocean observatory, which will be utilized to monitor and verify this form of geologic carbon storage. The demonstration site is at about 2700 m water depth, where the ocean crust is overlain by 200-600 m of sediment acting as a cap for the porous and permeable crustal basalt aquifer (300-500 m thick), underlain by a thick conductive basement. From previous seafloor drilling campaigns, the subsurface and hydrogeology in this area are well known, feeding both into sequestration modelling and also planning the required monitoring. In addition to planning the offshore demonstration experiment, the Solid Carbon project further includes research on social, regulatory and social acceptance as well as adding offshore energy and direct carbon capture to transform the concept into a negative emission technology. We will present the past, present and potential future of this form of geologic carbon storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".