Development of high-early-strength low-carbon engineered cementitious composites with calcium sulfoaluminate cement incorporating high-volume fly ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is an ultra-durable construction material owing to its high tensile ductility and intrinsic crack width control. Here, a high-early-strength ECC (HE-ECC) was developed using calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement with high-volume fly ash to facilitate rapid and sustainable repair application. Two water-to-binder ratios (0.25 and 0.35) and four fly ash dosages (50–80 wt% by binder mass) were investigated, and PVA fiber was added at 1.5 vol%. The composite mechanical properties were analyzed in association with the early hydration process. At 1 day, the HE-ECC was found to attain a tensile strain capacity of 3–4% while maintaining an ultimate tensile strength of 2–5 MPa. Most groups can maintain a tensile strain capacity over 3% at 28 days with an ultimate tensile strength of 3.1–5.4 MPa. The environmental impacts for producing HE-ECC can be reduced significantly, accounting for ∼38.7% less energy and ∼44.6% less carbon emission compared to conventional ECC. The satisfying early age mechanical performance makes it applicable for many constructions and the high sustainability of HE-ECC makes it promising to reduce environmental impacts substantially.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".