Development of high-early-strength low-carbon engineered cementitious composites with calcium sulfoaluminate cement incorporating high-volume fly ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is an ultra-durable construction material owing to its high tensile ductility and intrinsic crack width control. Here, a high-early-strength ECC (HE-ECC) was developed using calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement with high-volume fly ash to facilitate rapid and sustainable repair application. Two water-to-binder ratios (0.25 and 0.35) and four fly ash dosages (50–80 wt% by binder mass) were investigated, and PVA fiber was added at 1.5 vol%. The composite mechanical properties were analyzed in association with the early hydration process. At 1 day, the HE-ECC was found to attain a tensile strain capacity of 3–4% while maintaining an ultimate tensile strength of 2–5 MPa. Most groups can maintain a tensile strain capacity over 3% at 28 days with an ultimate tensile strength of 3.1–5.4 MPa. The environmental impacts for producing HE-ECC can be reduced significantly, accounting for ∼38.7% less energy and ∼44.6% less carbon emission compared to conventional ECC. The satisfying early age mechanical performance makes it applicable for many constructions and the high sustainability of HE-ECC makes it promising to reduce environmental impacts substantially.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".