Multiscale structural characterizations of anisotropic natural granite residual soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the anisotropy of sedimentary soil—particularly the underlying role of soil structure—is well understood, similar knowledge about granite residual soil formed by weathering is scarce. In particular, the evolution of soil structure during the hollow cylinder torsional shear tests (among the most appropriate for studying soil strength anisotropy) remains largely unknown. This study systematically investigates the multiscale structural properties of granite residual soil using stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and computed tomography. Furthermore, the structural evolution during hollow cylinder torsional shear tests is traced. Results indicate the strength anisotropy of residual soil is associated with horizontal fissures which cause low shear strength when the soil is sheared with a principal stress direction of 45°. The cementation via Fe is characterized by a uniform distribution. Different evolutionary patterns are observed for soils within the shear band, inside the necking area, and in other regions. It is not always the case that particles are rearranged with their long axis perpendicular to the major principal stress. This study improves the understanding of natural residual soil structure and provides some insights into its anisotropic behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".