RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY, AGE, SEX, STONE WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION IN 15,624 STONES: COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR 1980 TO 1983 and 1995 TO 1998
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Original Articles1 Aug 2000RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY, AGE, SEX, STONE WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION IN 15,624 STONES: COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR 1980 TO 1983 and 1995 TO 1998 M.H. GAULT and L. CHAFE M.H. GAULTM.H. GAULT More articles by this author and L. CHAFEL. CHAFE More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67345-4AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: We studied the relationship of stone frequency and composition to age, sex and stone weight. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed of all 15,624 stones submitted for analysis with infrared and wet chemical methods in Newfoundland and Labrador from 1979 to 1998. Results: There were 1,067 bladder stones of which 216 contained magnesium ammonium phosphate. The remaining 14,557 stones were from the kidney and ureter, and 11,707 were composed only of calcium oxalate and/or phosphate. Of the remaining 2,850 kidney and ureter stones magnesium ammonium phosphate was present in 573, uric acid/urate without magnesium ammonium phosphate in 1,109 and other compounds in 1,168. The 11,707 oxalate phosphate group was subdivided by infrared peak analysis based on oxalate-to-phosphate ratio into phosphate—ratio 1 or less, intermediate—1 to 10 and oxalate—10+. Oxalate comprised 65% of the 11,707 stones compared to 16% for phosphate. Women submitted 52% of phosphate stones compared with 28% of oxalate stones. From the first (1980 to 1983) to the last (1995 to 1998) complete 4-year study periods, there was a relative increase in oxalate and decrease in phosphate stones, associated with increasing age from decades 5 to 6 for oxalate and phosphate stones, except that the age peak for phosphate stones in women remained in decade 3. Median weight of 1,828 phosphate stones was 43 mg. (mean 234) compared with 25 mg. (mean 98) for 7,634 oxalate stones. Male-to-female ratio was 0.91 for phosphate stones compared with 2.62 for oxalate stones. Conclusions: Phosphate stones were on average heavier and relatively more common in women, had an earlier age peak frequency in women than oxalate stones and became less frequent during our last 4-year study period. In contrast, oxalate stones were much more common, of lighter weight and became more frequent with time. References 1 : The kidney-ureter stone sexual paradox: a possible explanation. J Urol1989; 141: 1104. Abstract, Google Scholar 2 Gault, M. H. and Chafe, L.: Relationship of sex, stone weight and composition in 14,954 stones. Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, Parma, Italy, June 9–12, 1999 Google Scholar 3 : The oxalate: phosphate ratio in urinary tract calculi by infrared revised analysis. Clin Chim Acta1987; 166: 103. Google Scholar 4 Census of Canada. Age, Sex and Marital Status. 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996 Google Scholar 5 : Comparison of infrared and wet chemical analysis of urinary tract calculi. Clin Chim Acta1980; 104: 349. Google Scholar 6 Robertson, W. G., Longhorn, S. E., Whitfield, H. N. et al: The changing pattern of the age at onset of urinary stone disease in the UK. Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, Parma, Italy June 9–12, 1999 Google Scholar 7 : Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis. Nephron1999; 81: 26. Google Scholar 8 Trinchieri, A., Coppi, F., Del Nero, A. et al: Increase prevalence of upper urinary tract stones during the last ten years. Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, Parma, Italy June 9–12, 1999 Google Scholar 9 : Idiopathic calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis. Nephron1988; 48: 265. Google Scholar 10 : Shock-wave lithotripsy: assessing. a slam-bang technology. N Engl J Med1986; 314: 845. Google Scholar 11 : Observations on urinary stone weight correlated with composition. Scand J Urol Nephrol1983; 17: 191. Google Scholar 12 : Sex differences in the crystalline composition of stones from the upper urinary tract. Scand J Urol Nephrol1980; 14: 51. Google Scholar 13 : Renal calculus. A sexual paradox. Australia Radiol1979; 23: 117. Google Scholar From the Renal Laboratory, General Hospital, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada© 2000 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited bySorensen M, Kahn A, Reiner A, Tseng T, Shikany J, Wallace R, Chi T, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson R, O'Sullivan M, Sadetsky N and Stoller M (2012) Impact of Nutritional Factors on Incident Kidney Stone Formation: A Report From the WHI OSJournal of Urology, VOL. 187, NO. 5, (1645-1650), Online publication date: 1-May-2012.Meria P, Hadjadj H, Jungers P and Daudon M (2010) Stone Formation and Pregnancy: Pathophysiological Insights Gained From Morphoconstitutional Stone AnalysisJournal of Urology, VOL. 183, NO. 4, (1412-1416), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2010.Matlaga B, Kim S, Watkins S, Kuo R, Munch L and Lingeman J (2018) Changing Composition of Renal Calculi in Patients With Neurogenic BladderJournal of Urology, VOL. 175, NO. 5, (1716-1719), Online publication date: 1-May-2006. Volume 164Issue 2August 2000Page: 302-307 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2000 by American Urological Association, Inc.Keywordskidney calculiage factorssexMetricsAuthor Information M.H. GAULT More articles by this author L. CHAFE More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".