The catheterized bladder environment promotes Efg1- and Als1-dependent <i>Candida albicans</i> infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for 40% of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). As 20 to 50% of hospitalized patients receive catheters, CAUTIs are one of the most common HAIs, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Candida albicans is the second most common CAUTI uropathogen, yet relative to its bacterial counterparts, little is known about how fungal CAUTIs are established. Here, we show that the catheterized bladder environment induces Efg1- and fibrinogen (Fg)–dependent biofilm formation that results in CAUTI. In addition, we identify the adhesin Als1 as the critical fungal factor for C. albicans Fg-urine biofilm formation. Furthermore, we show that in the catheterized bladder, a dynamic and open system, both filamentation and attachment are required, but each by themselves are not sufficient for infection. Our study unveils the mechanisms required for fungal CAUTI establishment, which may aid in the development of future therapies to prevent these infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".