Skuas on the Canadian tundra in 1999: relative occurrence of species, ages and colour phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the Swedish Tundra Ecology Expedition to northern Canada in 1999 the age and colour phase of Pomarine S. pomarinus, Arctic S. parasiticus and Long-tailed S. longicaudus Skuas were recorded along a transect across 72° longitude from Nuuk, Greenland in the east to Banks Island in the west. Pomarine Skua comprised 4% of the 302 recorded skuas, with 77% Long-tailed Skua and 19% Arctic Skua. Measured indices of lemming numbers were low in the whole visited region. A similar study in 1994 along the Russian tundra from the Kola Peninsula in the west to Wrangel Island in the east was made in a peak lemming year. This resulted in a total of 1,587 skuas, with 52% Pomarine, 10% Arctic and 38% Long-tailed. The Arctic Skua occurred in fairly low densities all along both transects, but was absent from the most northerly sites. The much lower proportion of Pomarine compared to Long-tailed Skua in Canada may be explained by a higher proportion of Pomarines leaving the breeding areas early, since this species obviously did not breed at all this year. It is however possible that lemming peaks on the Canadian Islands are generally less pronounced in the lack of Lemmus species. This would mean that breeding conditions for Pomarine Skuas, being totally dependent on lemmings, are generally less favourable. No skuas in second year plumage were observed and a few immatures of the two smaller species were all recorded in Davis Strait, between Greenland and Baffin Island. This indicates that only a smaller proportion of younger non-breeders reach the breeding grounds. Compared to 25% dark Arctic Skuas in Nuuk, Greenland only 3% of the birds observed on the Canadian Islands were dark. The same total dominance of light birds seem to prevail among all solitarily nesting Arctic Skuas in the arctic region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".