The occurrence of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Sweden, with special emphasis on the recent population growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The population of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in Sweden has increased considerably in size during recent decades and currently Sweden holds about a quarter of the total Northwest European population. In 1999, the population contained an estimate of 25,600 pairs, distributed over about 154 colonies. The increase was particularly strong between 1986 and 1994 (mean annual increase 31%), and the population grew from 1,800 to 15,500 pairs. After the mid-1990s, the population increase within most of the core area appear to have levelled off, while now fluctuating in size. However, in some northern breeding areas (including the coasts of Södermanland, Uppland, Gotland and several lakes) the population continued to grow at a high rate. With growing cormorant numbers, conflicts with human interests, mainly fishery, have increased. Hunting and egg pricking have frequently been used as methods to reduce cormorant densities locally and to solve fishery related problems. It seems, however, as these measures, in most areas, only have had limited effects in terms of stabilising or reducing population size of cormorants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".