Geomechanical Investigation of Caprock Integrity of Potential CO2 Storage Reservoirs in Lloydminster Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been widely accepted to be an effective technology to control anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions globally. For CO2 geo-sequestration, the key is to understand the caprock integrity to assure the safety of the long term sealing effect. However, many caprock integrity studies do not consider the effects of geochemical reactions among CO2, formation brine and caprock. In this work, we used the Lloydminster heavy oil region as the target area and studied the effects of geochemical reactions on the caprock integrity. We collected caprock core samples from both Waseca heavy oil layer and the Deadwood saline aquifer in this area. Then, static tests (Caprock submerged into formation brine over-saturated with CO2 for 40 days) were conducted in the autoclave system under the reservoir pressure (Waseca: 5.4MPa, Deadwood: 11.5MPa) and temperature (Waseca: 25⁰C Deadwood: 35⁰C) to mimic the process of CO2 storage in two candidate formations. Finally, triaxial tests were conducted to compare the change in rock strength between core samples before and after CO2 treatment. Meanwhile, XRD analysis has also been conducted to provide the information of mineral composition change on caprock samples before and after CO2 treatment. Triaxial test results showed that caprock strength has increased (higher axial stress and lateral stress) and fracture pressure increased by 15.84% and 5.45% on average in Waseca and Deadwood formation respectively. Mineralogy analysis indicated that a large amount of carbonate minerals reacted with CO2-saturated brine and stable minerals were generated which help tighten the caprock structure, triggering the self-sealing effect thus caprock strength was enhanced. The research outcomes indicate that in the future site selection for CCS projects, reservoirs with caprocks containing carbonated minerals can be competitive candidates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".