Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polish Jews are being pushed out of their old professions and prevented from entering new modern ones. In Lodz, the rope around the neck of the Jewish worker is being tightened not just by the government but also by large-scale Jewish manufacturers, some of them devout. Consequently, the city’s Jewish working class quarter has a much higher population density and mortality rate than its non-Jewish working class quarter. Often, entire Jewish working class families live in a single room where they work on one or two handlooms during the day. Others work in handloom mills or small factories with power looms—the first to close in an economic downturn. And while non-Jewish working class women can find jobs in state employment, the state has closed this avenue of employment for Jewish women. A few signs of change are evident in Lodz and Warsaw. Some Jewish manufacturers are beginning to hire Jewish workers for several reasons: unlike non-Jewish workers, Jewish workers are not antisemites; their revolutionary ardour has weakened given their high level of unemployment; they are willing to work especially hard and long since their wives are not employed; they are willing to work for lower wages; and they are flocking to ORT courses to upgrade their skills. Jewish unions have also played a role in convincing some non-Jewish unions to soften their position on the hiring of Jews. Still, Jews are much more likely than non-Jews to be employed in commerce, Jewish workers are much more likely than their non-Jewish counterparts to be employed in artisanal workshops and small-scale industry, and while the state employs a large number of workers and officials, hardly any of them are Jews.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".