Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the distinctive paleographical features of Cambridge University Library (CUL), Kk.3.18 (xi2; Worcester) transmitting the latest extant version of the Old English translation of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica is a punctuation symbol consisting of a triangle of dots above a comma. Ker points out that this punctuation mark is characteristic of Hemming, the main scribe of CUL Kk.3.18, who also copied parts of British Library, Cotton Tiberius A. xiii; Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 146 and 391; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 114 and Junius 121; and Harley Charter 83. A.3.1 According to The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1060 to 1220, a triangle of dots above a comma is found only in the manuscripts associated with Hemming—CCCC 391 and CUL Kk.3.18.2 Houghton suggests that this punctuation mark is a stylized version of the decorative hedera symbol, ‘probably the oldest punctuation mark in the West, appearing in inscriptions of the second century B.C.’ (Parkes).3 Parkes observes that hedera can still be found at the beginnings and ends of sections of texts in manuscripts dating to the seventh and eighth centuries, but its replacement with punctus versus in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 819 demonstrates that it was misunderstood by the twelfth-century annotator.4 In the manuscript described by Parkes (Bodley 819; viii1; Wearmouth-Jarrow), the hedera is used to separate lemma from commentary. In the manuscripts discussed by Houghton, the stylized hedera (a triangle of dots above a comma) signals the end of exegesis and quotation (Budapest, National Széchényi Library, Cod. Lat. 1, folios 1–58; ca. 800; St. Amand and Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 88; ix or x). In CUL Kk.3.18 (henceforth Ca), the stylized hedera not only has more diverse functions but also a wider variety of forms. Its graphic variants include a triangle formed of two dots above a comma (e.g. 4v signalling the end of the heading of Book I Chapter 8); a parallelogram formed of three dots and a comma in the low right corner (e.g. 4r signalling the end of the West-Saxon Regnal List); and a parallelogram formed of four dots above a comma (e.g. 6v signalling the end of heading of Book II Chapter 22).5 Its functions range from marking the boundaries of books and chapters to micro-episodes and points of theological and historic interest.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.198 | 0.061 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".