Georgian Bay bedrock erosion: evidence for regional floods, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We provide an updated presentation of the spectacular erosion forms at French River Ontario (Kor et al. 1991) based on new methods of data collection and wider observations. This work includes ~ 10 more detailed study sites, documentation of the range of forms over a larger area, the use of extensive drone image capture and ground surveys, as well as a detailed inventory of forms. Key sites are illustrated using video images. The update extends the conclusions of the Kor paper regarding the significance and scale of subglacial meltwater erosion with some novel findings. We document the importance of plucking (including hydraulic plucking) and, the control of structure on s-forms, which were not highlighted in the Kor study. Apparent cavitation erosion forms are prominent across the study area and provide support for inferred high-velocity meltwater flow. A growing interpretative framework includes discussion of evidence to test a theorized hydraulic sequence of sheet-channel-distributed flow, followed by re-grounding of glacial ice as meltwater flow waned. This hydraulic sequence may also be complementary to observations in thick sediment terrain down flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".