Increased foraging effort and reduced chick condition of razorbills under lower prey biomass in coastal Newfoundland, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When resources are finite, individuals optimize energy allocation between survival and reproduction to maximize fitness. As food becomes more limited within foraging ranges of breeding colonies, long-lived seabirds are predicted to increase time spent foraging, and chick growth, breeding success and ultimately adult survival, will be reduced. Across 3 years (2017, 2019, 2020), we investigated responses of breeding razorbills Alca torda in coastal Newfoundland, Canada, to inter- and intra-annual variation in biomass of the primary forage fish, capelin Mallotus villosus , which migrate from offshore into coastal regions during the summer to spawn. We combined capelin biomass (hydroacoustic surveys) with chick-rearing razorbill foraging effort (GPS, temperature-depth recorders), dietary proportions (blood δ 15 N and δ 13 C) and adult/chick body condition. Peak capelin biomass was near the long-term average for the study area in 2017 (0.109 g m -2 ) and 2019 (0.098 g m -2 ) and the lowest on record in 2020 (0.002 g m -2 ). In 2017 and 2019, razorbill foraging effort decreased after spawning capelin arrived inshore, but this decrease was not observed in 2020 (mean ± SE trip distance: 12.8 ± 2.8 km in 2017, 14.3 ± 1.7 km in 2019, 150.4 ± 25.2 km in 2020; number of dives per trip: 48.4 ± 11.8 in 2017, 385.8 ± 67.4 in 2020). Increased foraging effort during 2020 was associated with lower chick and adult body condition, likely due to parental birds flying farther and diving more to capture capelin. Findings suggest that lower capelin biomass observed in recent years may have long-term population-level consequences for razorbills and other seabirds in this region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".