The prevalence and dynamics of beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in 2010–2020
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Gonorrhea is the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease after chlamydiosis, and its incidence in both Europe and the United States has been increasing recently.Treatment of gonorrhea is made more difficult by the increasing resistance of the causative agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics.Resistance to penicillin and, in particular, the production of beta-lactamase has led to the discontinuation of penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea.However, monitoring the production of this enzyme is still important if only as part of the characterization of individual strains and because of the potential risk of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in N. gonorrhoeae.Objective: To investigate the production of beta-lactamase in N. gonorrhoeae isolated from patients of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of the Medical University of Warsaw in 2010-2020.Material and methods: A total of 1997 N. gonorrhoeae isolates routinely cultured from outpatients of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, from 2010 to 2020 were examined.Cefinase assay was used to test for the presence of beta-lactamase.Results: Beta-lactamase was produced by an average of 5.66% of the isolates tested.A significant increase in the percentage of strains producing this enzyme, to a maximum of 18.8%, was observed in 2018, with a sharp decline in subsequent years.In 2020, beta-lactamase was produced by 0% of the strains tested.Conclusions: The percentage of N. gonorrhoeae strains that produce beta-lactamase shows a high variability over time, which is probably related to the spread of strains belonging to different genogroups and differing significantly from one another.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".