Psychological distress, coping strategies and social support among HIV positive patients in Calabar, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection substantially impacts psychological and emotional wellbeing via various mechanisms. The role of coping strategies and social support in the mental health of People Living with HIV (PLWH) is under-investigated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and their relationship with coping and social support among PLWH. This cross-sectional study involved 251 patients selected using systematic sampling from the HIV Clinic of the General Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. A sociodemographic questionnaire was administered along with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to measure anxiety and depression. Participants were also administered the 32-item Coping Strategies Inventory and the Oslo Social Support Scale to measure coping strategies and social support, respectively. The respondents were mostly female (72.5%) and had a mean age of 35.3 [SD=10.9]. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 27.1% and 19.5%, respectively. Both anxiety and depression had significant negative associations with problem-focused engagement, emotion-focused engagement and problem-focused disengagement, and significant positive associations with emotion-focused disengagement (p<0.01). Social support was poor and had a significant negative association with anxiety, significant positive associations with problem-focused engagement, emotion-focused engagement and problem-focused disengagement, and significant negative associations with emotion- focused disengagement (p<0.01). Our study highlights the importance of coping strategies and social support among PLWH. Based on findings, adaptive coping and social support protect PLWH from deterioration in their mental health. In addition, PLWH with good social support might cope better with the diagnosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".