Insecticide compatibility with the predatory ring-legged earwig <i>Euborelia annulipes</i> increases mortality of diamondback moth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brassica growers rely on insecticides to control the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.), resulting in cases of insecticide resistance and control failure. The ring-legged earwig Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) is found in brassica fields and may prey upon DBM eggs, larvae, and pupae. Therefore, preservation of E. annulipes in brassica crops could enhance DBM control, and may help with DBM insecticide resistance management. The insecticides azadirachtin, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, deltamethrin, indoxacarb, methomyl, spinosad, and teflubenzuron were evaluated to assess mortality of E. annulipes adults and DBM larvae when exposed to insecticide dry residues, and predation rate upon DBM larvae and pupae. Euborellia annulipes exhibited survival >98% to all tested insecticides when exposed to label rates used on brassica crops against DBM. The highest mortality of DBM larvae confined on insecticide dry residue was 61% after 24 h exposure. This mortality significantly increased up to 92% when E. annulipes was present in the same period. Female of E. annulipes showed a preference for DBM larvae over pupae irrespective of ratio availability and insecticide combinations. When only larvae or pupae were available, up to nine larvae or four DBM pupae were consumed within 24 h. At the label rate for spraying brassica crops, all tested insecticides were compatible with E. annulipes and the predator added significant mortality to DBM larvae in the presence of insecticide residue. The findings reveal opportunities for integrating E. annulipes as a biological control agent into management programmes for DBM that cannot effectively rely on insecticides alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".