Understanding the Evolution of the Structure and Electrical Properties during Crystallization of Li<sub>1.5</sub>Al<sub>0.5</sub>Ge<sub>1.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and Li<sub>1.5</sub>Sc<sub>0.17</sub>Al<sub>0.33</sub>Ge<sub>1.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> NASICON -Type Glass Ceramics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of crystallization advance on the material structure and electrical properties of lithium-ion Na + super ionic conductor (NASICON) glass ceramics were investigated. Glasses with Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 and Li 1.5 Sc 0.17 Al 0.33 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 compositions were crystallized in controlled conditions to obtain gradual increment of the volume crystallized fraction. The glass-to-crystal transformation was then monitored by differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR), and electron microscopy, along with chemical analyses. Finally, the electrical properties of the specimens were evaluated by impedance spectroscopy to observe the changes in electrical properties according to the crystallization advance. Results revealed that glasses containing scandium are more stable against crystallization than their neat counterparts. Crystallization led to the formation of single-phase NASICON glass ceramics. Scandium induced a lattice expansion of the NASICON structure. Furthermore, crystallization induces remarkable structural changes in the materials as a whole, either in local order or in medium to long order. No important increase in conductivity was observed in earlier stages of crystallization. After the percolation of crystals, conductivity increases sharply and the remaining glassy phase has little impact on the total conductivity of the material. Scandium expands the rhombohedral structure but increases the glass stability and reduces the sizes of crystals for the fully crystallized glass ceramics. Glass ceramics with larger grains are more propitious for conductivity than the more refined ones. Therefore, this paper offers key information about the understanding of NASICON crystallization and its structural evolution, providing important insights into the crystallization of these electrolytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".