CACNA1D overexpression and voltage-gated calcium channels in prostate cancer during androgen deprivation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Prostate cancer is often treated by perturbing androgen receptor signalling. CACNA1D , encoding Ca V 1.3 ion channels is upregulated in prostate cancer. Here we show how hormone therapy affects CACNA1D expression and Ca V 1.3 function. Human prostate cells (LNCaP, VCaP, C4-2B, normal RWPE-1) and a tissue microarray were used. Cells were treated with anti-androgen drug, Enzalutamide (ENZ) or androgen-removal from media, mimicking androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Proliferation assays, qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, Ca 2+ -imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology were performed. Nifedipine, Bay K 8644 (Ca V 1.3 inhibitor, activator), mibefradil, Ni 2+ (Ca V 3.2 inhibitors) and high K + depolarising solution were employed. CACNA1D and Ca V 1.3 protein are overexpressed in prostate tumours and CACNA1D was overexpressed in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. In LNCaP, ADT or ENZ increased CACNA1D time-dependently whereas total protein showed little change. Untreated LNCaP were unresponsive to depolarising high K + /Bay K (to activate Ca V 1.3); moreover, currents were rarely detected. ADT or ENZ-treated LNCaP exhibited nifedipine-sensitive Ca 2+ -transients; ADT-treated LNCaP exhibited mibefradil-sensitive or, occasionally, nifedipine-sensitive inward currents. CACNA1D knockdown reduced the subpopulation of treated-LNCaP with Ca V 1.3 activity. VCaP displayed nifedipine-sensitive high K + /Bay K transients (responding subpopulation was increased by ENZ), and Ni 2+ -sensitive currents. Hormone therapy enables depolarization/Bay K-evoked Ca 2+ -transients and detection of Ca V 1.3 and Ca V 3.2 currents. Physiological and genomic CACNA1D /Ca V 1.3 mechanisms are likely active during hormone therapy—their modulation may offer therapeutic advantage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".