Bibliographic record
Abstract
William Elliot Griffis was born in 1843 in Philadelphia, U.S.A. An aspiring pastor with writing skills, Griffis had developed an interest in Japan during his studies at Rutgers University (1865–1869) through his acquaintance with Japanese students such as Yokoi Shōnan’s two nephews. His connection with the Dutch Reformed Church in the U.S., which had been sending missionaries to Japan since 1859, led him to come to Japan in December 1870 to teach chemistry at a domain school ( hankō ) in Fukui. Due in part to the abolition of domains and the establishment of prefectures ( haihan-chiken ), Griffis moved to Tokyo’s Southern University (one of predecessors of the University of Tokyo) in 1872, before his 3-year contract expired. Seeing the real “feudal Japan” in Fukui, albeit for a short period of time, gave Griffis a rare and unique perspective both he himself and others would appreciate, and served to encourage his subsequent activities as a connoisseur of Japan. After returning to the U.S. in 1874, Griffis entered a seminary and served as a pastor for many years, but his primary vocation, so to speak, remained the same: to help the Americans understand Japan and the Japanese through writing and lecturing. He revisited Japan in 1926–1927, towards the end of his life, and died in 1928. In addition to his main work, The Mikado’s Empire , he is the author of numerous books on Japan, including biographies of other foreign missionaries and diplomats with close ties to Japan.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".