Cognitive Functioning, Dependency, and Quality of Life Among Older Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The determinants of QoL need serious deliberation in national as well as international healthcare guidelines as few studies have assessed the QoL of older individuals across cultures and countries. The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships between cognitive functioning and level of dependency with quality of life (QoL) and the moderating effects of gender and housing type on these relationships among older adults in Pakistan. A total of 274 respondents (own homes = 153; care homes = 121; Mage = 68.75 years, SD = 5.78 years) participated in this study. Cognitive functioning was assessed through Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while level of dependency was assessed through Incapacity Status Scale (ISS). As for the measurement of QoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument (Urdu version) was adopted. The results of Pearson product-moment correlation revealed the significant relationships of the constructs of interest. Cognitive functioning significantly predicted social QoL for males only but did not significantly predict the overall QoL and its four domains (i.e. physical, psychological, social relationship, and environmental health domains), regardless of housing type (i.e. own homes versus care homes). Meanwhile, the results of regression analysis demonstrated the significance of level of dependency in predicting the overall QoL and its four domains for both male and female respondents. As for those living in their own homes, the level of dependency significantly predicted their overall QoL, as well as physical and environmental QoL. For the older adults living in care homes, cognitive functioning predicted only the social QoL for males, but did not predict the overall QoL or its domains for older individuals in care homes or own homes. Based on these findings, this study demonstrated the significance of cognitive functioning, level of dependency, gender, and housing-type care homes as determinants of QoL among older adults. The study findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners, and public health specialists to cautiously create content that will enhance the older individuals’ QoL. Findings can contribute to designing interventions to motivate and preserve functional mobility in older individuals, and the generate community-based programs to enhance or uphold physical activity in the older individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".