Effects of the body mass index of males on hormone levels, sperm and embryo parameters, and clinical outcomes in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Research has shown that the body mass index (BMI) is not correlated with sperm retrieval outcomes, while serum testosterone and gonadotropins are related to the BMI in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Previously, no comprehensive assessment had been conducted on the effect of the BMI of males in NOA. This study sought to comprehensively evaluate the effects of the BMI of males on hormone levels, sperm and embryo parameters, and clinical outcomes in NOA. Methods: (comparator), assessed reproductive hormones, sperm and embryo parameters, and clinical outcomes (outcome), and were cohort studies (study design) were included. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A sensitivity analysis was conducted for all the outcomes. Results: group was lower than that of the normal weight group [pooled relative risk (RR) =0.88, 95% CI: 0.78 to 0.99, P=0.031]. Conclusions: The BMI of the males was an important factor affecting the FSH and TT levels, testicular volume, sperm retrieval success, and live-birth rate in NOA. Weight management may benefit NOA patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".