Investigation of slope deterioration mechanism under freeze–thaw cycles: centrifuge modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although deterioration of soil due to freeze–thaw cycles has been investigated based on element tests and small-scale laboratory model tests, there still lacks fundamental understanding of slope response under cyclic freeze–thaw action. In this study, a novel in-flight freeze–thaw system was developed to investigate the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical response of a typical unsaturated slope under seven freeze–thaw cycles in the centrifuge. Temperature, suction and deformation were measured during the test. The test results show that the suction at the freezing front can be up to about 1 MPa. The comparison between measured and theoretically predicted suction elucidates that using the temperature-dependent Clausius–Clapeyron equation is inadequate to model suction evolution precisely when considering water migration. The subsequent thawing reduces the suction to 9 kPa, which is about 60% lower than during the initial unfrozen state. The suction destruction softens the surface soil layer, leading to downslope movement during thawing. During the seasonal downward ratcheting movement, the lower elevation of the slope can flatten from 59° to 50°. The repeated freeze–thaw action generates significant fractures at the soil surface while deep cracks can form due to tensile rupture. Freeze–thaw-induced seasonal variation of suction softens the post-thawed slope, leading to accumulated plastic deformation and shallow slope failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".