Procurement Fraud In The Public Sector: An Analysis Of Fraud Triangle Elements And Workplace Spirituality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study's objective is to identify the elements that lead to public procurement fraud among Malaysian public sector employees.In order to comprehend and analyse procurement fraud in Malaysia, this study uses four distinct factors: pressure, opportunity, rationalisation, and workplace spirituality.The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 software was used for analysis of the data, which were collected by sending questionnaires to Malaysia's 25 ministries.The results of this study show that opportunity and rationalisation have a significant positive relationship with the incidence of procurement fraud among public sector employees, but that there is a significant negative relationship between workplace spirituality and the incidence of procurement fraud.However, there is no solid evidence linking pressures on Malaysian public sector employees to procurement fraud.The findings offer important details on the theoretical and practical aspects of procurement fraud, as well as on its occurrences in the government and administrative sector, as well as in ministries and academic institutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".