Disrupted maturation of white matter microstructure after concussion contributes to internalizing behavior problems in female children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Abstract Some children that experience a concussion exhibit long-lasting emotional and behavioral problems post-injury, with greater rates of persistent problems in females. Establishing the contribution of (1) pre-existing behavioral problems and (2) disrupted maturation of the brain’s vulnerable white matter, to long-lasting behavioral problems has been a challenge due to a lack of pre-injury behavioral and imaging data. From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Cohort, this study examined 204 11-12-year-old children who experienced a concussion after baseline data collection at age 9-10-years-old. Internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. In 99 of these children with MRI data available, white matter microstructure was characterized in deep and superficial white matter by neurite density from restriction spectrum image modeling of diffusion MRI. Linear regressions modeled 1) post-concussion behavior symptoms controlling for pre-injury behavior, 2) the impact of concussion on white matter maturation, and 3) the contribution of deviations in white matter maturation to post-concussion behavior symptoms. When controlling for preinjury scores, post-injury internalizing and externalizing scores were higher in female but not male children with concussion compared to children with no concussion. Group comparisons of change in neurite density over two years reflecting white matter maturation demonstrated an age-dependent effect whereby younger female children had less change in neurite density over time than younger children with no concussion. In female children with concussion, less change in superficial white matter neurite density over time was associated with more internalizing behavior problems. These results suggest that in female children, concussions are associated with behavior problems beyond those that exist pre-injury, and injury to the brain’s vulnerable white matter may be a biological substrate underlying persistent internalizing behaviors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".