THE EFFECT OF THE PRE-CRYSTALLISATION DEFECT SIZE ON THE STRENGTH LIMITATION IN LITHIUM SILICATE GLASS CERAMICS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore how the size of pre-crystallisation defects affects the strength of a lithium disilicate glass ceramic.A total of seven groups of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD) disc shape specimens (thickness 1.1 0.1mm) were fabricated (n = 15).Each group corresponded to the varying severity of controlled surface defects made by a Vickers hardness indenter in a partially crystallised state.All the discs followed the manufacturer specified crystallisation process.The controlled defects were analysed with the use of optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy in both the partially crystallised phase and after crystallisation.The bi-axial flexural strength (BFS) was measured using a ball-on-ring configuration after crystallisation.A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p = 0.028).The post-hoc Tukey test revealed a significant difference (p < 0.01) existed between the 0.2 kg and 2 kg indentation groups, with no other pairwise differences.The survivability plots highlight the low BFS outliers occurring in the 1.0 and 2.0 kg static load groups.The Atomic Force Microscopy shows apparent differences before and after crystallisation.The crystallisation process helps to mitigate the strength limiting defects, but it also has a limit.Therefore, it is necessary to minimise the surface defects generated through the pre-crystallisation manufacturing procedures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".