Anisotropy and Non-coaxial Behaviour of Sand Along Different Strain Paths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anisotropic characteristics of granular soil, consolidated to various initial stress states, were evaluated under generalized strain paths using hollow cylinder torsional shear tests.Fraser River sand samples prepared by water pluviation were subjected to isotropic and anisotropic consolidation stresses and sheared under undrained conditions along specific strain paths characterized by constant intermediate principal strain parameter (𝑏 𝜀 ) and various fixed principal strain directions (𝛼 𝜀 ).A series of tests along different inclinations of the major principal strain with respect to the vertical depositional direction permitted an assessment of the interaction between principal strain directions and fabric.A decrease in strain hardening tendency is observed as the major principal strain aligned towards the bedding plane.Considering different levels of anisotropic consolidation stresses also allowed a detailed examination of how initial static shear affects the responses.In particular, generated principal stresses and their direction, as well as the pore pressure responses, were closely examined.Novel findings, that highlight range of intermediate principal stress parameter (𝑏 𝜎 ) associated with the undrained plane strain condition, and the interaction between 𝑏 𝜎 and 𝑏 𝜀 during shearing are presented.It was found that 𝑏 𝜎 systematically decreases with shear strain in constant 𝑏 𝜀 tests.The 𝑏 𝜎 value in plane strain tests (𝑏 𝜀 =0.5) was found to be in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 depending on the loading path, and the stage of shearing.The relationship between principal stress directions and plastic-strain increment directions was assessed to identify the nature of plasticity in the material.In order to ensure confident assessment of non-coaxiality, total strain was decomposed into elastic and plastic strain.The existence of non-coaxiality in Fraser River sand (FRS) was observed when the sand was subjected to undrained shear at fixed principal strain directions that do not coincide with the fabric axis of symmetry.Non-coaxiality was not observed when the principal directions of stress/strain coincided with the fabric axis of symmetry.It was also noticed that irrespective of the initial condition, the degree 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 Recommendations for future research . . . . . . . . .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".