Community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococci (CA-MRS) in fecal matter of wild birds – A ‘one health’ point of concern
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococci, particularly methicillin resistance is a major public health concern. While this problem has been reported from the clinical settings, its presence in non-clinical settings also needs to be investigated. The role of wildlife in carrying and disseminating the resistant strains has been established in different studies but its role in Pakistani environment has not been explored yet. To evaluate this, we investigated the carriage of antibiotic resistant Staphylococci in wild birds from Islamabad region. METHODOLOGY: Birds fecal matter were collected during September 2016-August 2017 from eight different environmental settings of Islamabad. Prevalence of Staphylococci, their susceptibility profile against eight classes of antibiotics through disc diffusion method, their SCCmec types, co-resistance of macrolide and cefoxitin through PCR assay and biofilm formation through microtitre plate assay were studied. RESULTS: Out of 320 birds feces collected, 394 Staphylococci were isolated, where 165 (42%) were resistant to at least one or two classes of antibiotics. High resistance was found against erythromycin (40%) and tetracycline (21%) while cefoxitin resistance was 18% and vancomycin resistance was only in 2%. One hundred and three (26%) isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern. mecA gene was detected in 45/70 (64%) cefoxitin resistant isolates. Community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococci (CA-MRS) were 87% while Hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococci (HA-MRS) were 40%. In the MRS isolates showing co-resistance to macrolides, mefA (69%) and ermC (50%) genes were more prevalent. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 90% of the MRS, of which 48% were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates while 52% were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococci in wild birds suggests their role in the carriage and dissemination of resistant strains into the environment. The findings of the study strongly recommend the monitoring of resistant bacteria in wild birds and wildlife.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".