Downscaling of Thermal Images Over the Gaza Strip Using the Land Surface Temperature—Spectral Indices Relation: Case Study; Hot, Arid, and Semi-Arid Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many thermal sharpening applications are evaluated in temperate and subtropical climate regions, which are com-monly characterized by the presence of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. However, similar studies are rarely found in hot, arid, and semi-arid climate cities, where an urban cool island (UCI) phenomenon exists. Recent research shows that the spectral characteristics of land covers and their responses to LST are different based on their climatic type. Resultantly, spectral indices (SIs) show different evaluations to be successfully used in sharpen-ing techniques like the DisTrad, to sharpen LST over several land covers, especially in urban areas. The main ob-jectives of this study are; 1)- to evaluate the spatial relationship between LST and a number of most commonly used urban's remote sensing SIs (21 SIs described in table 2) over the Gaza Strip in two land cover scenarios: all land covers "All" and the urban mask “urban”; 2)- to downscale aggregated low-resolution Landsat 8\LST image at 1000 m to a higher resolution of 100 m. Spectral indices and land surface temperature are calculated using the Landsat 8 image of summer 2017. Spatial regression analysis between SIs and LST within the "All" land cover class and at 1000 m resolutions show the best SIs that have the highest correlation (R2) with LST are DBSI (0.66) and ABEI (0.59). While in the "urban" class, the same indices shows also the highest correlation; BAEI (0.57) and DBSI (0.64). Moreover, statistical validation with LST observation at 100m resolution (Landsat 8\LST), DisTrad was found suc-cessful to downscale LST to 100 m resolution over UCI areas using the indices ABEI and DBSI with the highest cor-relation (R2) over the "All" class (0.77 and 0.73 respectively) and over the "urban" mask using DBSI (0.59) and BAEI (0.58)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".