Expression of Herbicide Target-Site and Chloroplastic Genes in Response to Herbicide Applications in Italian Ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum ssp. multiflorum (Lam.)]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.)] is a problematic C3 annual weed in winter wheat and other crops in the US, continental Europe. The objective of this research was to assess the expression profiles of herbicide target-site genes upon treatment with field rates of ALS- (e.g., chlorsulfuron), PSII- (e.g., atrazine), EPSPS- (e.g., glyphosate), and HPPD- (e.g., mesotrione) inhibitors, respectively in Italian ryegrass. Furthermore, the expression of the genes in chloroplasts that contribute to photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation was also measured in response to these herbicide treatments. LmALS was upregulated (> 3-fold) whereas LmpsbA was downregulated (> 40-fold) at 8 h after chlorsulfuron and atrazine treatments respectively. However, LmEPSPS gene expression remained similar to control levels at 8 h after glyphosate treatment. LmHPPD gene showed > 1-fold higher expression at 8 h after mesotrione treatment. LmCAB, a major component of the photosystem II light-harvesting complex, was downregulated immediately (8 h) after chlorsulfuron, atrazine, glyphosate, and mesotrione treatments respectively. Similarly, LmRubisco, was downregulated after glyphosate and mesotrione treatments. However, LmRubisco was upregulated 0.4-fold after chlorsulfuron treatment and remained unaffected after atrazine treatment. Overall, the data from this study suggest that the treatment with herbicides showed variation in expression of herbicide target genes and those that are involved in the critical photosynthetic pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".