Left Atrial Remodeling in Patients With Severe Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis and Sinus Rhythm Using Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: In mitral stenosis (MS), the combination of an increase in left atrium (LA) pressure and atrial inflammatory response is accompanied by increase in interstitial fibrosis of the atrial wall with disorganization of atrial muscle bundles, LA dysfunction and subsequently LA dilatation. We aimed to assess the effect of severe rheumatic MS on LA volumes and mechanics. Methods: We enrolled 40 patients with pure severe rheumatic MS and sinus rhythm as a patient group and 30 healthy subjects as a control group. All patient and control groups underwent two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echo to measure left ventricle (LV) dimensions, function, LA deformations, estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (EPAP), and left ventricle global longitudinal strain (LV GLS). Also LA volumes and mechanics (LA strain during LV systole (reservoir function) and LV diastole (early = conduit, and late = booster pump = atrial contraction)) were measured by three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echo; mitral valve (MV) area was measured by 3D transesophageal echo (as routine pre-percutaneous MV commissurotomy using multiplanar reconstruction in mid-esophageal apical long-axis view from LA prospective). Results: By 2D transthoracic echo, patient group revealed significantly lower all LA function vs. control group including LA strain during reservoir (24 ± 6 vs. 43 ± 3, P < 0.001), LA strain during conduit (-11 ± 3 vs. -25 ± 2, P < 0.001), and during booster pump (-13 ± 4 vs. -18 ± 1, P < 0.001). EPAP was significantly higher in patient group (48 ± 7 vs. 27 ± 4 in control group). LV GLS was significantly lower in patient group (-16±2% vs. -23±2% in control group). All 3D LA volumes were significantly higher in patient group than control group including maximum LA volume (LAVmax) (76 ± 18 vs. 50 ± 5, P < 0.001), indexed LA volume (LAVi) (44.6 ± 10.1 vs. 28.7 ± 3.7, P < 0.001), LV minimum volume (LAVmin) (51 ± 15 vs. 30 ± 4, P < 0.001), and LA volume pre atrial contraction (LAVpre A) (63 ± 15 vs. 41 ± 6, P < 0.001). Also, there was significantly decreased LA strain using 3D speckle tracking echo in patient group including systolic deformation of LA (reservoir function) (23 ± 6 vs. 41 ± 3, P < 0.001) and diastolic deformation, early diastole (conduit function) (-10 ± 2 vs. -24 ± 2, P < 0.001), and late diastole (booster pump function) (-13 ± 4 vs. -18 ± 1, P < 0.001). Conclusions: All LA function markedly reduced in pure severe rheumatic MS. The reduction of LA mechanics is directly related to the degree of reduction of the stenotic MV area. LV GLS significantly reduced in severe MS and its reduction is directly related to the degree of reduction of the stenotic MV area and the LAVi by 3D echo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".