Comparison of Established and Novel Insecticides on Survival and Reproduction of <i>Folsomia candida</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have been among the most widely and abundantly used insecticides for most of the current century. The effects of these substances on nontarget terrestrial and aquatic organisms have resulted in a significant decrease in their use in many parts of the world. In response, the application of several novel classes of insecticides including diamides, ketoenols, pyridines, and butenolides has significantly increased. The hexapod subclass Collembola is an ecologically significant and widely distributed group of soil invertebrates often found in leaf litter and in surficial soils. We exposed the parthenogenic collembolan species Folsomia candida to six insecticides in a sandy loam soil for 28 days, including two neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and clothianidin), a diamide (cyantraniliprole), a ketoenol (spirotetramat), a pyridine (flonicamid), and a butanolide (flupyradifurone) to assess the effect of each insecticide on survival and reproduction. Clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and cyantraniliprole (median effective concentration [EC50] values for reproduction: 0.19, 0.38, and 0.49 mg/kg soil, respectively) had a greater effect on survival and reproduction of F. candida than flupyradifurone, spirotetramat, and flonicamid (EC50 values for reproduction: 0.73, >3.08, and 5.20 mg/kg soil, respectively). All significant impacts found in our study were observed at concentrations below concentrations of the active ingredients that would be expected in agricultural soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1516-1528. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".