The Impact of E-Commerce on the Economic Growth of the Western Balkan Countries: A Panel Data Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Today, economic development cannot be thought of without including innovation.Innovation is a promoter of economic growth.Since e-commerce is considered an innovation, it can be a driver of economic growth in some economic environments.This study investigates the impact of e-commerce through electronic transactions on economic growth in the Western Balkans during the period 2008 to 2020.The study applies the quantitative methodology using secondary data.This study uses panel data techniques, starting with estimators pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects, and Hausman Taylor -IV.The findings show that e-commerce does not contribute to economic growth in the Western Balkan countries for the study period.Furthermore, this study shows that final consumption, exports, and foreign direct investment positively impact economic growth.The study also confirmed that the increased government expenditure does not contribute to economic growth in the Western Balkan countries.The study brings theoretical implications by bringing scientific evidence on the impact of ecommerce on economic growth in the western Balkan countries.The study provides an insight into the impact of e-commerce on the economies of the Western Balkan countries, which are developing countries, and paves the way for other studies in developing countries to look at the similarities and differences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".