Bibliographic record
Abstract
‘It is not impossible that unforeseen circumstances might result in the UK being the first country to implement a genuine citizen’s basic income and reaping the rewards that will accrue to an early mover. But the UK is not at its most innovative at the moment, and it is perfectly possible that Namibia, India, or some other country, will implement a scheme long before the UK gets round to it.’ The importance of definition A citizen’s basic income is an unconditional, automatic and non-withdrawable payment to each individual as a right of citizenship. It has other names: basic income, universal basic income, citizen’s income – but it’s always the same thing. • Unconditional : A citizen’s income would vary with age, but there would be no other conditions: so everyone of the same age would receive the same payment, whatever their gender, employment status, family structure, contribution to society, housing costs, or anything else. • Automatic : Someone’s citizen’s income would be paid weekly or monthly, automatically. • Non-withdrawable : Citizen’s incomes would not be means-tested. If someone’s earnings or wealth increased, then their citizen’s income would not change. • Individual : Citizen’s incomes would be paid on an individual basis, and not on the basis of a couple or household. • As a right of citizenship : Everybody legally resident in the UK would receive a citizen’s income, subject to a minimum period of legal residency in the UK, and continuing residency for most of the year. It is essential to be clear about this definition. One of the results of the increasingly lively global debate is that terminology has proliferated, and so has its meanings. In the United States and in Canada ‘basic income’ sometimes means an income-tested benefit, and it can also mean one that varies with household structure. ‘Citizen’s income’ or ‘citizen’s basic income’ always means an unconditional, automatic and non-withdrawable payment to each individual. The history of the debate in the UK The two late 18th century advocates of citizen’s basic income, Thomas Paine and Thomas Spence, were British (although by the time he was writing about the idea Paine was living in the United States); and since then the idea has occasionally emerged into public debate and then as quickly disappeared.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".