Measurements of Nearshore Waves through Coherent Arrays of Free-Drifting Wave Buoys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Along coastlines, surface gravity wave breaking occurs in complex spatial and temporal patterns that significantly impact erosion, scalar transport, and flooding. Numerical models are used to predict these processes, but many models lack sufficient evaluation with observations during storm events. To fill the need for more nearshore wave measurements during extreme conditions, we deployed coherent arrays of small-scale, free-drifting wave buoys named microSWIFTs. The result is a large dataset covering a range of conditions. The microSWIFT is a small wave buoy equipped with a GPS module and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) used to directly measure the buoy’s global position, horizontal velocities, rotation rates, accelerations, and heading.We use an Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS), 9 degrees-of-freedom Kalman filter to rotate the measured accelerations from the reference frame of the buoy to the Earth reference frame. We then use the corrected accelerations to compute the vertical velocity and sea surface elevation. The measurements were collected over a 27-day field experiment in October of 2021 at the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility in Duck, NC. The microSWIFTs were deployed as a series of coherent arrays, meaning they all sampled simultaneously with a common time reference, leading to a robust spatial and temporal dataset during each deployment. We evaluate wave spectral energy density estimates from individual microSWIFTs by comparing them with a nearby acoustic waves and currents (AWAC) sensor. We also compare significant wave height estimates from the coherent arrays with the nearby AWAC estimates. A zero crossing algorithm is applied to each buoy time series of sea surface elevation to extract realizations of measured surface gravity waves, yielding 116,307 wave realizations throughout the experiment. These measurements spanned offshore significant wave heights ranging from 0.5 meters to 3 meters and peak wave periods ranging from 5 to 15 seconds over the entire experiment. These data are available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hx3ffbgk0 (Rainville et al., 2023) and will be used as a validation dataset for wave-averaged and wave-resolving models and will be used to investigate nearshore wave dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".