The Effect of Water Film Surrounding the Deposited Particle on Bonding Area: A Numerical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cold spray (CS) is a thermal spray method that deposits solid particles at high velocity at about room temperature using gases such as nitrogen or helium. Despite of CS’s unique advantages, it is expensive to operate due to its high gas consumption and the need for small particle sizes for deposition. To enhance cost-effectiveness, liquid cold spray (LCS) has been developed with the capability of depositing large particles with a wider size cut by using water as a propellant. Though LCS has demonstrated success in manufacturing copper coatings, it raises questions about how wetting of particles and/or substrate surfaces can affect adhesion. This paper addresses these concerns using a finite element method based on elastic–plastic theory. Results demonstrate that wetting the deposited particle reduces both particle and substrate deformation. Water film wetting the particle primarily affects the bonding area due to its presence in the interfacial area between the particle and substrate. In order to avoid interfacial water, this paper investigates the effect of four parameters as follows: particle velocity, particle size, water film thickness, and water temperature. The results demonstrate that the volume of interfacial water is reduced by increasing particle impact velocity and particle size and decreasing water film thickness. A rise in water temperature does not affect the amount of interfacial water; however, evaporation of interfacial water can increase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".