Genomic description of critical cannabinoid biosynthesis genes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cannabinoid production is a key attribute of the plant Can nabis sativa and characterizing the genes involved is an essential first step to develop tools for their optimization. We used bioinformatic approaches to annotate and explore variation in the genes coding for enzymes comprising the cannabinoid pathway: olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), cannabigerolic acid synthase (CBGAS), and the cannabinoid oxidocyclases (THCAS, CBDAS, CBCAS) in multiple C. sativa genome assemblies from diverse lineages. The former three enzymes generate the precursor molecules for the oxidocyclases to produce cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We show that duplications of OLS and OAC are consistent across varieties, and that OAC has the least amount of sequence diversity based on phylogenetic comparisons. We also found that one CBGAS-like gene exhibits copy number variation among varieties. We discuss implications of these genes existing on separate chromosomes (with homologs of each found in close proximity), and the significance of CBGAS being located on the X chromosome for cannabinoid production in female plants. This study provides valuable insight on the genomic identity and variation of cannabinoid biosynthesis genes that will benefit future research on the origin and evolution of this pathway, a driver of economic, social, and medicinal value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".